Интеграционные курсы в Германии

В продолжение рассказа о курсах немецкого языка в Германии, я хочу рассказать о длительности, структуре и стоимости интеграционных курсов, о том, как организованы занятия. Также опишу свой опыт подготовки и сдачи экзамена по немецкому языку на уровень В1.

Длительность и стоимость интеграционных языковых курсов в Германии

После того, как я записалась на курсы языка в Volkshochschule (VHS — центр дополнительного образования в Германии), руководитель выдал мне распечатанное приглашение на занятия, название нужного учебника и график занятий. Мой курс назывался «INTENSIVKURS», это интеграционный курс с интенсивным изучением языка. Как указано в его описании, он подходит тем, у кого есть базовые знания немецкого языка. Этот курс рассчитан на 430 часов, из них 400 часов слушатели изучают язык до уровня В1, а 30 часов длится короткий курс «Leben in Deutschland» (Жизнь в Германии) об истории, политике и законодательстве Германии. Для изучающих немецкий с «нуля» есть курс «Integrationskurs», который рассчитан на 660 часов. Из них 600 часов отведено на изучение немецкого до уровня В1, а 60 часов на курс «Жизнь в Германии».

Занятия по курсам могут идти до обеда, после обеда или по вечерам. У меня был вечерний курс с 18:15 до 21:30 с перерывом на 15 минут. Почти все мои сокурсники днем работали, а потом шли учиться. Многие из них жили в Германии уже не один год и могли немного говорить по-немецки, но с ошибками, поэтому пришли в вечернюю школу. Некоторым курсы оплачивали работодатели, другие платили за себя сами.

Оплата курса в нашей школе происходила по модулям. Каждый курс обычно разделен на несколько модулей по объему часов и изучаемым темам. У нас в интенсивном курсе было 4 модуля по 100 часов для изучения немецкого до уровня В1 и один модуль на 30 часов — Orientierungskurs (о жизни в Германии). Стоимость модуля и курса в целом зависит от:

  • земли и города;
  • организации, проводящей обучение;
  • количества часов курса;
  • наличия направления из ведомства по делам мигрантов (Bestätigung des BAMF).

У меня было направление, поэтому каждый модуль по ускоренному курсу на В1 в Volkshochschule Равенсбурга стоил мне 120 евро вместо стандартных 290 евро. Стоимость курса «Жизнь в Германии» составила 36 евро. Всего за обучение я заплатила 516 евро.  В случае, если слушатель успешно сдает экзамен по В1 и тест «Жизнь в Германии», ему возвращается половина оплаченной суммы.

Организация учебного процесса на интеграционных курсах

Занятия на курсах обычно ведут 2-3 преподавателя. У нас одна из учительниц была родом из Германии, другая приехала из Польши. У каждой свои методы обучения, однако общим было то, что нас учили и заставляли разговаривать. Именно умение говорить имеет решающую роль при сдаче экзамена В1, поэтому акцент в курсе делается на устное общение.

Занимались мы по учебным материалам серии Pluspunkt Deutsch, в состав которой входят учебники и рабочие тетради для уровней А1, А2 и В1. К каждому комплекту учебников прилагается диск с аудио материалами.

На занятиях нам объясняли грамматику на практических примерах, мы выполняли упражнения самостоятельно и в небольших группах, обсуждали мировые новости, учились использовать распространенные разговорные конструкции в предложениях. Нам рассказывали о различных правилах и нормах повседневной жизни в Германии в целом, и в нашем округе в частности, приводили примеры различий федеральных земель, отвечали на наши вопросы. Группа оказалась достаточно сильной, и на занятиях было интересно. Многие упражнения проходили в игровой форме, часто мы вставали из-за столов, ходили по классу, беседуя друг с другом. Один раз была даже эстафета в коридоре на знание артиклей существительных 🙂 Однако, если группа не нравится слушателю, он может перейти в другую группу или вообще сменить школу.

С начала изучения учебника В1, преподаватели на наших занятиях стали регулярно проводить тесты и пробные экзамены. Поэтому мы заранее знали, к чему надо быть готовым на экзамене, какие наши слабые стороны, что необходимо подучить. У меня были проблемы с понимаем речи на слух, поэтому я дополнительно слушала адаптированную немецкую речь. Кроме учебников, я использовала другие материалы для изучения немецкого языка.

Последний модуль был целиком посвящен вопросам политического и законодательного устройства Германии, а также мы рассмотрели некоторые исторически важные события. По курсу «Жизнь в Германии» нам предстояло сдать тест, вопросы по которому были в учебнике, а также есть на различных сайтах. Вопросы в тесте не сложные, многие повторяются. Найти ответы на некоторые вопросы, можно догадавшись, другие же надо просто выучить. Всего в тесте 310 вопросов, разделенных по темам: законодательство, история, административное устройство и т.д. На экзамене каждому достается по 33 вопроса. Чтобы сдать тест, надо правильно ответить минимум на 17 вопросов. Это была самая легкая часть экзамена, которая ни у кого в нашей группе не вызвала затруднений. С экзаменом на В1 дела обстояли гораздо интереснее, но об этом в следующий раз.

Елена, 20.12.2015

Интеграционные курсы в Германии: 66 комментариев

  1. Kate

    Добрый день.
    Подскажите, пожалуйста, сколько занятий в неделю у вас было? И сколько по времени заняли полностью курсы?
    Заранее спасибо!

  2. Серафима

    Здравствуйте,Елена.
    Я вам уже писала,снова хочу связаться с вами и если есть возможность ответить на мои вопросы,напишите пожалуйста,с нетерпеньем буду ждать ответ.
    Моя дочь планирует волонтером на 1 год в Равенсбург,а точнее Баиндт.
    Как добраться лучше из Франкфурта-на Майне до местечка Баиндт общественным транспортом?
    Есть ли дешёвые продукт.магазины в Равенсбурге,или Баиндте,возможно социальные.?
    И знаете ли вы есть ли автобусная остановка на ж/д вокзале Равенсбурга с маршрутом автобуса до Баиндт.?
    И хочу ещё раз спросить вас: эмигранты в вашем округе Равенсбург-Баиндт есть?Какая обстановка?
    Какую симкарту можно купить с интернетом и как называется и где?И какая цена?
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  3. Настя

    Елена, а не проживающим в Германии и не эммигрантам, можно как-то пройти курсы, получить приглашениемна обучение? Остановиться могу для обучения в г. Weingarten Ravensburg. Видела, что есть http://www.hs-weingarten.de/. Но не поняла, что и как, т.к немецкий начальный уровень.

    Моя почта: konstanz@bk.ru
    Если есть возможность, дайте ответ, пожалуйста.

    1. Александр

      Настя, добрый день!
      Существуют учебные визы, в том числе, если вы поступаете на курсы немецкого в Германии. Но для учебной визы необходимо иметь на счете средства для проживания в Германии на время обучения. Это около 8 тыс евро на полгода. Плюс к этому идет стоимость обучения на курсах. Более подробно лучше узнавать в консульстве или посольстве Германии.

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    The reason for this was that many resistance-trained athletes ingest these energy-based supplements as a method to take care of their really helpful
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    This suggests that the already low MSTN ranges in DMD sufferers might cut back the effectiveness of MSTN inhibitors, as further
    reducing MSTN might not significantly enhance muscle mass, as mentioned by Mariot et al.
    (2017) [95]. Additionally, Mariot et al. (2017) discovered that in muscle losing and atrophying diseases, not solely is myostatin downregulated, however the activin receptor
    can additionally be downregulated, along with a rise within the MSTN antagonist
    follistatin [95]. These factors additional complicate the therapeutic potential
    of MSTN inhibitors in muscle wasting illnesses. Akt activation was not increased at 2
    weeks of hindlimb suspension but was elevated by way of
    inhibition of myostatin signaling. Modifications in activation of Akt signaling were measured utilizing the ratio
    of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt (ser 473)) to non-phosphorylated Akt (Fig.
    4A; Supplemental Fig. 1A). We additional assessed the potential downstream results on activation of p70S6K (phosphorylated p70S6K/p70S6K) and found no significant variations with both
    HS or myostatin inhibition (Fig. 4B; Supplemental Fig.
    1B). Complete and phosphorylated Akt and p70s6k ranges have been variable and confirmed no variations between remedy groups.

    Following birth, MSTN levels stay excessive, though not as elevated as during fetal
    development [30]. MSTN-knockout animals, lacking MSTN presence throughout prenatal or
    neonatal growth, exhibit a dramatic 2- to 3-fold increase in muscle mass compared to wild-type animals [30].
    Homozygous mutant mice display roughly 30% more body weight, with both bigger muscle tissue fibers in cross-sectional space
    (hypertrophy) and a larger in fiber quantity (hyperplasia).
    Furthermore, MSTN-knockout animals reveal the next proportion of type II fibers and a decreased variety of kind I fibers, together with decreased
    adipose tissue [30–32]. Postnatal suppression of MSTN, achieved via conditional gene targeting or the administration of MSTN inhibitors similar to its propeptide, antibody, or follistatin, induces
    significant but relatively lesser will increase in skeletal muscle mass [33–35].
    In distinction to MSTN-knockout models, muscle growth from postnatal suppression of MSTN outcomes solely
    from muscle hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, but nonetheless predominantly
    induces sort II muscle fibers [36–38].
    When it involves attaining outstanding muscle progress and strength, science has uncovered some exciting
    avenues, and they lead straight to myostatin inhibitors.

    Myostatin, the protein responsible for limiting muscle development, can be successfully regulated with the help of dietary supplements like Leucine,
    HMB, and creatine. Researchers from Auburn University within the United States make clear this groundbreaking discovery of their study printed within the
    Journal of the International Society of Sports Activities Vitamin.
    This disparity in MSTN availability might contribute to a shift in efficiency
    between species. A pharmacokinetic examine with MYO-029 found that the concentration of MYO-029 required to elicit a
    50% enchancment in muscle mass in monkeys was 18 instances greater compared to
    the same enchancment in mice [107]. This discrepancy in pharmacokinetics and MSTN serum concentration between diseased human and mouse fashions may considerably
    contribute to the difference in outcomes between medical and animal trials.
    Inhibiting further ligands that sign by way of the primary myostatin receptor could protect in opposition to muscle
    loss. Myostatin is known to sign via transmembrane activin Type IIB receptors (ActRIIB) along with Activin A and other ActRIIB ligands28,34.

    Furthermore, we postulated a unique mechanism for T4 and T3 absorption and release in myoblasts, as nicely as
    the function of TTR as an intracellular T4 sensor during myogenesis.
    Myf5, the determining issue of myoblast, is expressed earlier than dedication to myogenic
    destiny. YK11 is an artificial steroid based on the chemical structure of 5-α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a naturally occurring hormone that performs a job in developing secondary sexual traits such as
    increased muscle and bone mass. Myostatin inhibitors perform
    by blocking the exercise of myostatin itself, which, in concept, ought to promote muscle growth.
    The primary ingredient in MYO-X is a follistatin-rich extract of egg yolk often known as MYO-T12.

    The levels of LA, CK, LDH, SOD, and MDA in the hippocampal tissue had been measured according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

    The absorbance was measured at 450, 530, 532, 550, 620, 640, and 660 nm using a spectrophotometer or microplate reader.
    Skeletal muscle, as a motor organ, has a excessive power demand, and its mobile models possess numerous mitochondria,
    all of which require correct quality control.
    Like IL-6, leukemia inhibitory issue (LIF) has also been identified as a myokine,
    released by SM in response to exercise (Broholm and Pedersen, 2010;
    Pedersen and Febbraio, 2012). Exogenous LIF promotes the proliferation of human myoblast by inducing the transcription components JunB and c-Myc (Broholm et al.,
    2011). In addition, LIF has also been found to induce myoblast differentiation (Yang et al., 2009).

    In the muscles, more glucose means extra power that enhances efficiency and
    muscle building. It acts on granulosa cells to set off the release of progesterone, minimizing the fluctuations within the menstrual
    cycle. Research centered on follistatin 344 as a potential most cancers therapy recommend that it negatively
    impacts sure cancers such because the prostate, esophagus, and
    skin (7). Maybe, the most ground-breaking findings of mice-based research suggest that follistatin 344 may help
    in some specific forms of most cancers treatment. Some myostatin inhibitors have progressed into medical improvement as summarized in Table 1.
    There has been progress in evaluating antimyostatin therapies in animal models of muscle wasting problems.
    Some packages have progressed into scientific improvement with preliminary outcomes
    displaying optimistic impression on muscle volume.

    Cordycepin, also recognized as 3′-deoxyadenosine, is a key active part found
    in Cordyceps militaris17. This compound reveals various pharmacological effects, similar to potent antioxidant10,
    anti-inflammatory11, and neuroprotective effects12.
    A previous research demonstrated that cordycepin reduces the restoration time from muscle fatigue in isolated skeletal
    muscles13. To investigate the anti-fatigue mechanism of cordycepin, we
    initially examined the impact of H2O2-induced oxidative stress on C2C12 cells, and then evaluated
    the antioxidant properties of cordycepin by assessing the viability
    of C2C12 cells. After four days of induced differentiation at 37 °C in a 5% CO2
    incubator, cells had been pretreated with various concentrations of cordycepin (0.1, zero.5, and 1 
    μM) for twenty-four h. MSTN binds to the ACVRIIB and ALK4/5
    advanced resulting in successive phosphorylation of Smad2/3,
    resulting in its binding with Smad4 and translocation of the complicated to the nucleus.

    Non-Smad signaling, on the other hand, tends to suppress the AKT intracellular signaling pathways.

    Nevertheless, elevated ranges of CRP result in a reduction of the muscle cell size and lead to sarcopenia [132].

    A multivariate biomarker technique has been proposed because the optimum way for figuring out wasting sicknesses,
    in conjunction with clinical indications and manifestations.
    Skeletal muscle (SM) contains ~40% of body weight and is probably the most
    dynamic organ, with a tremendous capacity to regenerate and repair after injury or trauma
    [1,2]. SM is liable for the maintenance of
    postural help, motion, thermogenesis, and blood glucose homeostasis [3,4].

    Nonetheless, yet extra research signifies that myostatin might merely be an anti-hypertrophy agent somewhat than the principle
    muscle atrophy set off. The different methods
    present there are two particular durations of muscle growth growth that myostatin regulates closely.
    Clearly, anyone trying to construct muscle can be interested in a safe method to inhibit the myostatin protein, even just a little, to
    allow for larger muscle progress gains. Some
    «supplements» comprise follistatin, an experimental compound being studied for
    blocking the actions of myostatin. Potential unwanted effects embody muscle imbalances,
    elevated damage risk, and unknown long-term effects on physique composition and bone metabolism.
    Seek The Assistance Of a healthcare skilled earlier than use, particularly when you have
    underlying health circumstances. There ARE myostatin dietary
    supplements on the market right now that work at reducing your
    body’s capability to provide this protein.
    After performing in silico screening, the effects of MIF1 and MIF2 on C2C12 myoblasts have been evaluated,
    and each peptides were discovered to enhance myoblast proliferation and
    differentiation by inducing the expression of myogenic marker
    genes. C2C12 cells were cultured in progress medium until 70% confluent and
    the medium was then switched to myogenic differentiation medium supplemented
    with MSTN-protein, Ac-MIF1 or Ac-MIF2-NH2 for three days.

    Fusion indices have been calculated for MSTN-protein-treated, Ac-MIF1-treated,
    Ac-MIF2-NH2-treated, MSTN-protein + Ac-MIF1-treated,
    and MSTN-protein + Ac-MIF2-NH2-treated cells. These
    data point out that Ac-MIF1 and Ac-MIF2-NH2 peptides inhibit the effect of MSTN.
    A Number Of methods have been used to develop treatments for SM-related issues, and computational approaches
    provide an impressive technique of designing and creating new therapeutics.

    In the endoplasmic reticulum, the MSTN precursor undergoes dimerization at the C-terminus, forming a complex often identified as promyostatin (proMSTN).
    This pro-form of MSTN has larger abundance and longevity than its active mature kind, which has a shorter temporal and
    spatial exercise window [20, 22]. MSTN is activated following the cleavage of
    its propeptides by bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1)/tolloid (TLD)-like metalloproteinases at an arginine
    residue. This motion releases the propeptides from the dimerized GF area, allowing mature MSTN to interact with non-specific activin receptors (ActRII)
    on the surface of target cells (i.e., myoblasts) through a paracrine pathway [23, 24].

    Male Kunming mice (6 weeks old) had been bought from the Middle for Laboratory Animal Science and
    Know-how, Jiangxi University of Conventional Chinese Language Medication (Jiangxi, China), and housed in group cages with a 12 h light/dark cycle.
    The ambient temperature was maintained at 22 ± 2 C and the relative humidity
    was 40–60%. The eight MIF peptides chosen by in silico studies had been named MIF1,
    MIF2, Ac-MIF1, Ac-MIF2, MIF1-NH2, MIF2-NH2, Ac-MIF1-NH2, and Ac-MIF2-NH2, synthesized by Peptron (Daejeon, Korea),
    diluted with DMSO (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and saved at −20 °C.
    The inhibitory efficacies of designed peptides in opposition to MSTN had been predicted utilizing
    an in silico binding approach.
    This finding was in contrast to the hypothesis
    that (–)-epicatechin would augment aerobic diversifications.

    In settlement, the EPI group failed to show a rise in SDH protein content
    material, thus doubtlessly suggesting that (–)-epicatechin blunts increases in relative
    peak VO2 in response to training through the inhibition of mitochondrial adaptations.
    These findings are in contrast to the findings of research
    involving rodent fashions (14, 15). Moreover, (–)-epicatechin conferred no further profit for peak anaerobic power or anaerobic capability when in comparison with the supplementation with
    a placebo.
    However, the unchanged myostatin circulation focus in the FOR group did not affect the
    molecular markers related to myostatin-regulated signaling in skeletal muscle and did not attenuate disuse-induced muscle atrophy.
    We note that 2 weeks of normal exercise following two weeks of immobilization was insufficient to recover the decline in muscle CSA and
    peak torque during disuse. Numerous nutritional dietary supplements are marketed
    as ergogenic aids to resistance-trained athletes in an try to advertise will increase in strength, power, and/or
    muscle mass throughout coaching. Over the earlier few years, methoxyisoflavone, ecdysterones, and
    sulfo-polysaccharide (a purported myostatin inhibitor) have been marketed as potential anabolic selling nutritional dietary
    supplements for resistance-trained athletes. Unfortunately, little well-controlled analysis has been carried out to
    examine the potential ergogenic properties of these
    nutrients.
    It has been advised that cachexia may trigger thrombocytosis and make patients susceptible to thromboembolic situations and even dying, particularly in the presence of preexisting cardiovascular ailments
    [10]. C2C12 cells were cultured in development or myogenic
    differentiation medium supplemented with 0.5 or 1 ng
    of MSTN proteins (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), respectively, for 2 days.
    The present aggressive landscape for the goal myostatin is dominated by
    corporations like Roche Holding AG, Scholar Rock,
    Inc., and Biohaven Ltd. These companies are at superior stages of growth,
    with medication in Phase three and other earlier phases.

    References:

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  8. Geri

    This weblog post answers probably the most regularly requested question whether utilizing a weightlifting belt can enhance your exercise efficiency whereas doing Overhead Press.

    If we use an train that activates the identical muscles in the same recruitment sequence, however
    in reverse, we will expertise a conditioning impact. If you’ve a weight in your palms, or you’re
    bending over to pick up an object like a ball or chair, the load might be
    in your palms. As your spine bends forward, every vertebra above slides
    ahead on the vertebra under, and that can cause issues.
    The info introduced is supposed to help information individuals via practices that may help individuals turn out to be stronger and more healthy by way of correct use.

    Lower again machine workouts are a secure, effective approach to strengthen the back muscle tissue.
    Many lower again machine workout routines are available, so yow
    will discover one that fits your needs and targets. That’s why it’s necessary to train frequently to strengthen the
    decrease again muscular tissues.
    The barbell version is awkward and uncomfortable, particularly if you prepare with heavy weights.

    Not to say, they strengthen your core and legs muscular
    tissues as nicely as glutes, and they alleviate
    back ache over time. Seated Back Extension is a variation of
    the basic back extension exercise however carried out in a seated place.
    This train makes use of a machine to assist strengthen the muscles within the lower
    again, additionally called the lumbar region.
    They will make an enormous distinction in bettering the low back points you’ve obtained occurring and are the first exercises I educate every person I work
    with. One Other profit you get by including reverse hyperextension to your exercise
    routine is that it is comparatively a more effortless exercise that provides a lot worth to your
    fitness coaching without a lot extra effort. Reverse hyperextension is efficient for
    working your glutes, hamstrings, and lower back—the areas that
    make up your posterior chain. As a outcome, it offers you the strength to degree up your workout recreation fairly quicker.
    The Stiff Leg and Romanian Deadlifts are effective methods to strengthen the posterior chain, as are hip
    thrusts. But it’s tough to have the flexibility to
    focus in and isolate the hammies and glutes, which is the place the R Hyperextension comes in handy.
    The Glute Bridge is an effective train for concentrating on the
    glutes, hamstrings, and lower back.
    And after every week of doing them with no weights, just
    the burden of my legs, the advance in my lower again ache is unbelievable.
    Creating a space for individuals to ask questions on their back pain (whether acute or chronic), giving which means, and providing hope for those suffering.

    This is a spot that does not tolerate misinformation, outdated
    notions/ideas, BUT promotes anti-fragility and hope.
    The goal for you is to vent, receive recommendation on navigating your pain, and depart feeling hopeful as a substitute of weak, misplaced, fragile or broken. Lumbar lordosis,
    typically generally recognized as swayback, is a typical postural
    problem the place the lower back curves excessively. When paired with hyperextension habits, it units the stage for back pain,
    limited mobility, and long-term joint harm.
    Have you seen folks on that bizarre machine, kicking back with each legs like some
    sort of superhero donkey?? The reverse hyperextension is definitely an extremely
    useful movement for constructing posterior chain strength,
    and it pays to know it. Regardless Of being relatively lower back-friendly,
    reverse hyperextensions are still a fairly strenuous exercise.

    Anyone who has ever experienced a back damage knows that the circulation needs to be restored and
    the strain must be relieved for rehab. Reverse hypers can be used three or four times per week for therapeutic work.
    Some individuals are identified to make use of this
    exercise with very light weight every day simply to loosen every
    thing up. One session ought to aim for roughly 50%
    of bodyweight load to encourage higher ROM beneath
    pressure. Choose for the second methodology of type with larger ballistic movement
    and less control over the tempo. So, lots of reverse hyper machines turn into jacket hangers and tables for
    water bottles and phones.

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